Aula 13 - Plural of nouns; adjectives; definite articles

1. Plural of nouns

Nouns: all things that exist or not.
Ex: spirit - espírito
      alarm - alarm
      gun - chiclete

Plural: spirit - spirits
           alarm - alarms
           gun - guns

We have specific nouns that have a different form of plural. Let's see!

* When the nouns have oo, they become ee.
Ex: foot (pé) --- feet  (pés)

* When the nouns have -f or -fe, they become -ves
Ex: knife (faca) --- knives (facas)

* Some nouns will be different in their plural.
Ex: mouse (rato) --- mice (ratos)
      child (criança) --- children (crianças)
      woman (mulher) --- women (mulheres)
      man (homem) --- men (homens)
      ox (boi) --- oxen (bois)
   
* Some nouns will be the same, in plural or in singular.
Ex: fish (peixe/peixes)
      sheep (ovelha/ovelhas)
      fruit (fruta/frutas)


2. Adjectives

Adjective is qualities of a noun.
Ex: awesome (maravilhoso)

* The adjectives is coming with verb to be.
Ex: I was thin. (Eu era magro)
      I am thin. (Eu sou magro)

* The adjectives won't never be plural.
Wrong: They are thins. ---- no correct
Correct: They are thin. ---- correct

3. Definite articles

We can definite the nouns. We all use ''the'' for definite ones.
Ex: The car (o carro)
      The spirits (os espíritos)

We can use them in plural or in singular.

Aula 12 - Mathmatic; Indefinite articles

1. Mathmatic

We usually say basic math operations like this:

+ plus  
- minus
x times
/ divided by

2 + 2 = 4 -- two plus two equals four
4 - 4 = 0 -- four minus four equals zero
6 x 2 = 12 -- six times two equals twelve
20 / 10 = 2 -- twenty divided by ten equals two


2. Indefinite articles

We use a or an to indicate a thing that we don't know.

a - used for consoants sound 
Ex: a car - um carro
       a favor - um favor

an - used for vowel sound
Ex: an elephant - um elefante
       an yard - um jardim (yard starts with ''y'', but the sound is ''i'')

Aula 11 - Prepositions of place

Prepositions of place is used to say a thing and its place. We always use them day-by-day.

On - em cima (The ball is on the box)
In (into) - dentro (The ball is into the box)
Under - embaixo (The ball is under the box)
Above - acima (The ball is above the box)
Below - abaixo (The ball is below the box)
Beside - ao lado (The ball is beside the box)
Behind - atrás (The ball is behind the box)
In front of - a frente (The ball is in front of the box)
On the right of - à direita de (The ball is on the right of the box)
On the left of - à esquerda de (The ball is on the left of the box)
Between - entre duas coisas (The ball is between the boxes)
Among - entre várias coisas (The ball is among the boxes)

Review 1 - Lessons 1-10

REVIEW 1 - LESSONS 1-10

- Contents:

...Pronoums
...Verb to be
...Object pronoums
...Simple Present
...Simple Present in 3rd of singular
...Cardinal numbers
...Ordinal numbers
...Dates/Months/Years/Days of the week
...At/On/In
...Present continous
...Simple present

• PRONOUMS
• Used to substitute a name or a thing. 
• I / You / He / She / It / You / We / They
• Maria is dead.
• She is dead.

1. Substitute a name/object in black for a pronoum.

a. Willian is going to spa.
b. My mom hates green soup.
c. Yuri and Mara is going there.
d. Quercia would have gone there.
e. My name is Carol. Carol lives in Praia Grande.
f. My dog is too thin.
g. My clock alarm isn't on.

• VERB TO BE 
• ''To be'' means ''ser'' or ''estar''. It is formed with a pronoum.
• I am/You are/He is/She is/It is/You are/We are/They are
• I'm/You're/He's/She's/It's/You're/We're/They're (contraction)
• We are good in Math (Somos bons em Matemática)
• I am not good in English. (Não sou bom em Inglês)

2. Follow the model. Substitute the name/thing to a pronoum only in sentenses with **

Ex: I/happy

      I am happy

      I'm happy

a. Willian/ugly

b. Mara/Quintana/married **

c. I/35 years old

d. Peru/good country to live

e. I/Mauro/Your mother/Brazilians **

f. My cat/so cute.

g. Brazilians/happy population **

3. Follow the model, reminding the class 1.

Ex: You are young,

      Am I young?
      Yes, you are young.

Ex: I am not good in driving.

      Are you good in driving?

      No, I am not good in driving.

a. Fiat is near my house.

b. You are tired.

c. We aren't good today.

d. I am my sister are always fighting. **

e. Quercia and Filipe are brothers.

f. I am my sister is going out.

g. Willian isn't a runner.

• OBJECT PRONOUMS
• Used to substitute a name or thing on the last part of the sentense.
• I am traveling with Maria.
• I am traveling with her.
• Me/You/His/Her/It/You/Us/Them.

1, Follow the model.

Ex: You have to walk with Mariana.

       You have to walk with her.

a. I eat sandwich and I paid the sandwich of my sister.

b. We asked Henrique to go to Miami.

c. They will travel with Eduardo.

d. I would like to meet your parents.

e. My notebook is with my dad.

f. My daughters will stay with Paulo. I am Paulo.

g. She is preparing a food to Henrique.

• SIMPLE PRESENT 
• Say about a thing on present moment.
• Q: Do you speak Japanese?
• A: Yes, I speak Japanese.
• A: No, I do not speak Japanese.
• ''DO'': 1) means ''fazer''/ 2) It is auxiliary verb (used to say if the sentense is in present and if it is an action or state)
• Don't: do not

1. Follow the model:

Ex: Do you live in Paraná? (no. São Paulo)

      No, I do not live in Paraná. I live in São Paulo.

a. Do you want to buy a t-shirt? (no. Jeans)

b. Do your mom and your father like soap opera? (no. Film)

c. Do I your friend? (no. Collegue)

d. Do we stay here? (no. There)

e. Do Willian and Carol live in São Paulo? (no. Rio de Janeiro)

f. Do I and Maria intend to go there? (no. go to Miami)

g. Do you prefer Rio de Janeiro? (no. São Paulo)

2. Answer the questions, what you want.

a. Do you speak Japanese?

b. Do you like japanese food?

c. Do you watch TV everyday?

d. Do you study everyday?

e. Do you live in São Paulo?

f. Do you have money to go to Pará?

g. Do you like to go to the beach or country?

h. Do you prefer São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro?

i. Do you intend to visit Copacabana?

j. Do you like icecream? 

i. Do you know how to prepare pasta?

• SIMPLE PRESENT (3rd OF SINGULAR)
• Is the same as ''do'', but only used for he/she/it.
• Does: auxiliary verb
• On affirmative answers: add -s on verbs.
• Andressa teaches English.
• Q: Does your mother learn English?
• A: Yes, my mother learnes English.
• A: No, my mother does not learn English.

1. Answer the questions about your mother. Does she...

a. speak other language?

b. say bad words?

c. use cellphone?

d. have a car?

e. travel abroad?

f. drive well?

g. cry all time?

2. Answer the questions about your father. Does he...

a. drive well?

b. works a lot?

c. is tall?

d. is a good soccer player?

e. work abroad?

f. use cellphone?

g. use computer at his job?

3. Describe your favorite animal. Use the 3rd of singular.

• CARDINAL NUMBERS 
• Count everything.
• 0, 1, 2, 3 ... (Zero, One, Two, Three, Four...)

1. How can I say these numbers in English?

a. 0

b. 239

c. 201

d. 55

e. 92

f. 304

g. 219

h. 596

i. 9

j. 22

k. 485

l. 399

m. 1000

n. 998

o. 111

p. 666

q. 494

r. 398

• ORDINAL NUMBERS
• Used to give position, order of something.
• 1st/2nd/3rd/4th/5th/6th....... etc......

1. Follow the model.

Ex: 34

       Thirty fourth

       34th

a. 20

b. 23

c. 89

d. 3

e. 11

f. 30

g. 45

h. 84

i. 58

j. 55

k. 85

• DATES, MONTHS, YEAR, DAYS OF THE WEEK.
• ORDER OF A DATE:  MONTH+DATE+YEAR
• EX: MARCH, 25th, 2014
• Or you can write: 03/25/2014
• Year: pronunciation is 20 e 14: two thousand fourteen.
• Days of the week: monday, tuesday, wednesday, friday, saturday, sunday.
• Obs: dates always will be on ordinal numbers.

1. Follow the model:

Ex: 23/10/2013

       10/23/2013: October, 23th, 2013.

a. 31/01/2012

b. 30/03/2000

c. 12/03/1009

d. 30/09/2017

e. 01/02/2003

f. 01/01/2001

g. 27/12/1998

2. Write the year in extense:

a. 1991

b. 2014

c. 1092

d. 2016

e. 2000

f. 2029

g. 1930

h. 1999

• PREPOSITIONS: AT/ON/IN
• Used to say how specific is a TIME or a PLACE
• EX: What is more specific: São Paulo or 201 Paulista Ave?
• AT: MORE SPECIFIC (hour and period of time/complete adress)
• ON: MORE OR LESS SPECIFIC (dates, months/name of a place)
• IN: LESS SPECIFIC, MORE GENERAL(years and centuries/countries, cities etc...)
• Ex: In Brazil
• Ex: In 2014
• Ex: On January 
• Ex: On Paulista Avenue
• Ex: At 3h20 pm
• Ex: At 20 Brazil Avenue, Rio de Janeiro

1. Put at/on/in.

a. __ store

b. __ 1991

c. __ 21st century

d. __ São Paulo

e. __ 200 Ramos Square.

f. __ 1992 Augusta street, São Paulo

g. __ 2010

h. __ Tatuapé

i. __ on USA

j. __ February

• VERB TO BE IN PAST
• Is the same form, but now it is WAS or WERE.
• Q: Was she here?
• A: Yes, she was here.
• A: No, she was not here.
• Q: Were you live in Santiago?
• A: Yes, I live in Santiago.
• A: No, I was not live in Santiago.

1. Answer:

a. Was your father in São Vicente, SP?

b. Were you live in Finland?

c. Were your favorite tv programs at Globo?

d. Was your pet quiet?

e. Were your parents out of your house?

• PRESENT CONTINOUS
• Say about a thing that it is happening now.
• I am traveling abroad.
• Are you staying home? 

1. Answer:

a. Are you laughing now?

b. Are you working?

c. Are you studying a lot?

d. Is your father sleeping?

e. Are your friends falling in love?

f. Is your brother doing homework?

g. Is your sister cleaning his bedroom?

2. List things that you are doing now. After follow the model:

Ex: I am writing.  

      Are you drawing?

      No, I am not drawing. I am writing.

...

• SIMPLE PAST
• Used to say a thing that started in the past and overed. 
• I stayed here.
• Did you stay here?
• Yes, I stayed here/No, I did not stay here.
• Verbs: regular and irregular

1. Search a chart of verbs in past and put all them below in past.

a. Stay

b. Live

c. Block

d. Wake up

e. Hang

f. Read

g. Kill

h. Travel

i. Try

j. Drink

k. Eat

l. Erase

m. Put

n. Write

o. Speak

2. Form questions, answers (negative and positive).

OBS: * Look for the lessons to review and learn more. 

          * Any doubt ask for teacher Breno in brenoluizsp2013@gmail.com. He will answer you fastly.

Aula 10 - Present continous; simple past

1. Present Continous

We have learned about ''Simple Present'', that says an action that happens on present time. But, we have to understand how to explain an action or state that is happening in the same moment.
For this, we always have it:

verb to be (pres.) + verb - ing

Ex: I am working now.
      We are going. 

Question form: Are you working now? (Remember that ''verb to be'' in questions comes first than pronoum)
Affirmative form: Yes, I am working now.
Negative form: No, I am not working now.


2. Simple Past

Used for say a thing that happened and overed in the past.
For asking:

Did you come here? (Did is past of ''do''. It is a aux.verb, indicating an action in past)
Yes, I came here. (CAME is a verb in past)
No, I did not come here. (''Did'' comes to the sentense with ''not'', and ''come'' is on present, because of ''did'', that is past)

* Form of verb

We always have a verb in past form on ''Simple Past''. But, the verbs is divided in IRREGULAR and REGULAR verb. Some of there are irregular, and others are regular.

Regular verb: the verbs that are regular always comes -d (or -ed) after the verb. For example:

I lived in Miami.
I stopped driving here.

________ observation ________

• Verbos já terminados em E apenas ganham o D: dance = danced
• Verbos terminados em consoante+y, perdem o Y e ganham IED: study = studied.
• Verbos terminados em vogal+y, apenas ganham ED: play = played.
• Verbos terminados em consoante+vogal+consoante e cuja última sílaba seja a tônica, dobram a última consoante e ganham ED: stop = stopped

___________________________

Irregular verb: they have all forms. Don't have a specific rule to know. Below, we have a list of verbs. (Obs: the third column is other thing. At this moment, forget it. Look for the first and second column). Image capted on https://irregularverbsforus.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/verboos_11.jpg)

Aula 9 - Verb to be in past

Pronoum   Verb to be (pres)  Verb to be (past)

     I                  AM                       WAS
   YOU            ARE                     WERE
    HE                IS                         WAS
   SHE               IS                         WAS
    IT                  IS                         WAS
   YOU             ARE                     WERE
    WE              ARE                     WERE
    THEY         ARE                     WERE



Is used to explain a thing that is in the past.

Ex: I was young.

Question: WAS I so funny?
Answer: Yes, YOU WERE funny/No. YOU WERE NOT FUNNY


Question: WERE WE students?
Answer: Yes, WE WERE students/No, WE WERE NOT STUDENT

Was not: wasn't
Were not: weren't

Aula 8 - Prepositions: at/on/in

A reader asked it on Whatsapp about how to use prepositions at, on and in. Let's see:




TIME USING 

At - more specific
Use: hours and period of time
Ex: at night, at noon, at 3h30 pm

On - more or less specific
Use: days of the week and months
Ex: on january, on december, on wednesday

In - less specific
Use: years, seasons of the year and century
Ex: in 1932, in 21st century, in autumm


PLACE USING

At - more specific
Use: completed adress, specific places
Ex: at home, at Extra Supermarket, at 233 Paulista Avenue

On - more or less specific
Use: name of streets and avenue
Ex: on Paulista Avenue, on Sé Square

In - less specific
Use: continents, countries, states, provinces, cities etc related to it,
Ex: in Africa, in Brazil, in Tatuapé etc.

Aula 7 - Dates, Months, Years and Days of the Week

In Portuguese. we say dates at this form:
Day/Month/Year.

But in English, we Always have the form to say dates:

month / date / year

Now, let's learn more about it:

•  Months

• January
• February
• March
• April
• May
• June
• July
• August
• September
• October
• November
• December

• Dates

•  We always say date in ordinal number, never in cardinal, like us, Brazilians. So, we have to remember the ordinal numbers, 1st to 31st.
• Ex: 25th - twenty fifth

• Year

• We divide the numbers in two parts, usually on the middle. 
• Ex: 2015: 20|15 - twenty|fifteen: twenty fifteen
•        1992: 19|92 - nineteen|ninety two: nineteen ninety two

• Days of the week

• Sunday
• Monday
• Tuesday
• Wednesday
• Thursday
• Friday
• Saturday
• Obs: Saturday and Sunday are on Weekends.

So, if we want to pronunciate, in English this date: 19 de Fevereiro de 2016, we will say

> February 19th, 2016 (February nineteenth, twenty sixteen)

> 02/19/2016, if you want to write at this form (always mm/dd/yyyy)

 (This date is on friday) 

Aula 6 - Ordinal Numbers (21st-100th); Hours

1. Ordinal Numbers (21st-100th)

We have learned about numbers and their positions. Now, we'll learn more!

20th- twentieth
21th- twenty first (after this number, we will say the cardinal form and after the position)
          (card.) (ord.)
22nd- twenty second (twenty is cardinal; second is the ordinal)
23rd- twenty third
24th- twenty fourth
....
30th- thirtieth
40th- fortieth
50th- fiftieth
60th- sixtieth
70th- seventieth
80th- eightieth
90th- ninetieth
100th- a hundredth

Only these numbers (30th-100th) will be different, putting -ieth. And other numbers between them will be respected the rule above: cardinal + ordinal form

Ex: 34th- 30 (thirty)+ 4th (fourth) - thirty fourth
      56 th- 50 (fifty)+ 6th (sixth) - fifty sixth
Always this....


2. Hours

We always ask this question to ask for hour:

a_ What time is it?
b_ It's...

In this case, we have forms to say the hour. But, we have to know that USA and some countries divide the hour in two:

''a.m'' (anti meridian) if the hour is between 00h00 to 11h59 (morning)
''p.m'' (post meridian) if the hour is between 12h00 to 11h59 (night)

4h00 - It's four o'clock (o'clock is used to exactly hour)
           It's four pm.
           It's four am.

5h20 - It's five twenty.
           It's five twenty pm.
           It's five twenty am.
Always saying the numbers.